秦、西汉的“内臣”与“外臣”

本文对文献记载中西汉政权处理民族关系时出现的“内臣”和“外臣”作了分析 ,归纳了它们在与中央政权关系上各自不同的特点。作者在分析云梦睡虎地秦简的基础上认为 ,秦简中的“臣邦”相当于汉代“内臣” ,“外臣邦”相当于汉代“外臣” ;并指出文献中的“羁縻”制度等同于“外臣” ,“葆塞蛮夷”相当于“内臣” ;同时提出“内诸侯”和“外诸侯”的称呼不适合于汉代分封和民族政策 ,应以汉代习称的“内臣”和“外臣”为准。最后 ,本文归纳了“外臣”向“内臣”转化的途径和原因 ,提出中央政权军事力量的壮大是完成此转化的直接动力。

"Neichen" and "Waichen" in the Dynasties of Qin and Western Han

This paper makes an analysis of "neichen"(inner vassal) and "waichen"(outer vassal), which appear in the historical literature concerning the communication between the government of the Western Han Dynasty and the ethnic minorities. "Neichen"and "waichen"are different in their relationship to the central government. And "chenbang"(inner vassal) and "wai chenbang"(outer vassal), which appear in the unearthed bamboo slips of the Qin Dynasty, are respectively corresponding to "neichen"and "waichen" in the Han Dynasty. Similarly, as for the "jimi"system (a loose relationship between the central government and the ethnic regime in the frontier) and "baosai manyi" (barbarians who inhabited and guarded the frontier) in ancient literature, the former equals to "waichen"while the latter is corresponding to "neichen". At the end, the paper discusses the ways and causes of the transformation of "neichen"to "waichen", suggesting that the intensifying of military force of the central government is the immediate driving force of the transformation.