解读极端皇权专制下的明代监察制度

中国古代社会发展的历史证明,集权政治的愈益发展,对监察制度之依赖程度必然不断加深。有明一代,随着专制皇权统治向其巅峰状态发展,导致政府的运转对监察制度的依赖程度超过历代王朝,以各级官吏为对象的监察活动在国家政治生活中变得异乎寻常的重要。可以说,明代以分权制衡为基础的国家行政系统的有效运行,是以无所不监的双轨制监察体系的同步发展为条件的。监察制度为专制皇权服务的根本政治功能,更体现为皇权对监察权的严重制约,并随着专制皇权的空前强化变得更加绝对。明代监察官向专制皇权之附庸的急剧蜕变已不可抑制。

Interreting the Supervisory and Monitory System of Ming Dynasty against the Background of Its Autocratic Emperor Ruling System

The development of ancient Chinese history proves a fact that with the development of totalitarian politics,unavoidably and more and more deeply it tends to rely on its supervisory and monitory system.The operation of administration of Ming Dynasty relied on its supervisory and monitory system much greatly than any other previous dynasty along with its reaching to the peak of perfecting autocratic emperor ruling system and this resulted in its attaching much noticeably importance to the supervisory and monitory actions targeting at the officers at all levels in its administration.It can be concluded that the effective operation of Ming state administrative system based on the principle of power decentralization and power equilibrium was on condition that it simultaneously developed its dual-track all round supervisory and monitory system.Thus,the primary political function of supervisory and monitory system was for the autocratic emperor ruling system and this showed the severe restriction of emperor ruling over supervisory and monitory system.With Ming emperor's dramatically strengthening autocratic emperor ruling system such a restriction became much more absolute.Consequently,it was unavoidable that supervisory and monitory officers of Ming dynasty quickened its pace to become an affiliated part of autocratic emperor ruling system.