中日同形词“先生”的考察

在汉语和日语中存在很多意思相近、用法相同的同形词，给语言相互的交流、学习提供了方便。但不留意的话就会掉入同形词的陷阱，使人们在交流中产生各种误解，严重的甚至引起摩擦。因此，中日同形词的对照研究对排除文化障碍也有意义。以中日同形词“先生”为例，对其在两种语言中的词义、用法、色彩等进行了对照分析，得出的结论是：1）汉语的“先生”具有不稳定性，词义一再萎缩；2）历史地看在感情色彩方面汉语的“先生”含褒义、贬义、中性，日语的「先生」基本上为褒义；3）语体色彩方面汉语和日语的“先生”相同，都可用于口语和书面；4）汉语的“先生”只是一个称呼词，而日语的「先生」既是称谓又是职业；5）日语“先生”一词增加了“对他人亲密的或带有玩笑的称呼”这一义项。

A Comparative Study of the Homographs of“Mister”in Chinese and Japanese

There exist in Chinese and Japanese a lot of homographs,very close in meaning and similar in usage,which provides much convenience in cultural exchange and language acquisition.However,it is also easy to fall into the pitfall of homographs：misunderstanding or even conflicts in communication. Thus,the comparative study of homographs in the two languages is of great significance to the removal of cultural barriers.This paper intends to explore the homographs of“mister”in terms of word meaning,use and affective meaning.It has yielded the following findings：1 ） The word “mister”in Chinese is semantically unstable,characterized by the narrowing of meaning;2 ） The Chinese word “mister”is complimentary,pejorative or neutral,and the word in Japanese is primarily complimentary;3）In terms of stylistics,the pair bears similarity,and can both be used colloquially and literarily;4）The Chinese word is a mere address term,while its Japanese counterpart indicates appellation and occupation as well;5 ） As an appellation,the Japanese word extends its meaning to “an affective or amusing form of address”.