权力制衡 幸福至善——亚里士多德政治哲学要义

亚里士多德的政治学以人的行为和经验为基础,归属于实践哲学。这一学说认为,建立城邦(国家)的目的是为了人们生活幸福,追求至善;真正的幸福以德性为基础,德性是灵魂的善、内在的善,德性是现实活动,是思想(思辨)与行为(实践)的统一。城邦政体就是政治权力的分配和归属,各类政体应以正义和平等为建政原则,未能兑现这一原则是政体发生变革的一般原因,而政治力量的均衡或不均衡是城邦政体发生变革的关键。最好的城邦政体应是中间阶层执政,它合乎中道和适度原则,即合乎德性生活原则;议事机构、行政机构和司法审判机构是政体的三大要素,各有不同的职能;中等阶层执政和政体三要素的理论,其实质就是以中道为准则的权力制衡论。

Power Balance and Happiness:The Core of Aristotle's Political Philosophy

From the perspective of practical philosophy,Aristotle's theory involves city state and the system of government,i.e.,constitution,including his analysis of the type of constitution,and the jurisdiction and the balance of political power.It tends to reveal and comment the philosophical ideas and thoughts embedded in his political theory,which can be briefed as the happiness based on virtue and power balance principled by the doctrine of the mean.Happiness is the object of state construction,while power balance is the guide for constitution.