闲暇与幸福的关系：一个被遗忘的德性伦理问题

在亚里士多德的学说中，闲暇与幸福的关系是作为一个德性伦理问题被提出和探讨的。亚里士多德认为闲暇既是实现幸福的手段，也是幸福本身，两者通过德性达成统一。现代休闲研究也关注休闲与幸福之间的关系，这种关注看似是对亚里士多德关于闲暇与幸福关系探讨的延续，但实际上更偏向于从社会心理学或历史角度研究，缺乏德性伦理学的理论基础。当代德性伦理研究中虽有学者提倡恢复亚里士多德论及的德性与幸福的概念，却未体现出对闲暇概念的足够重视。这一方面是因为闲暇内在包含的古典精英主义论调在现代社会的不适用性；另一方面则是因为闲暇在当代德性伦理学的发展中失去了其对于实现幸福的必要性。重返亚里士多德的德性伦理框架，有助于厘清休闲与幸福的关系，从而引导人们理性判断休闲活动的适当性，合理安排休闲时间，并通过休闲实现美好生活。

The Relationship Between Leisure and Happiness: A Forgotten Virtue Ethical Issue

Aristotle presented and explored the relationship between leisure and happiness as a virtue ethical issue. He believes that leisure is both a means to achieve happiness and happiness per se, and the two are unified through virtue. Leisure as a means makes it possible for people to escape from the busy life of making a living and provides opportunities for the cultivation and practice of intellectual virtue and ethical virtue, which is a prerequisite for the realization of happiness; leisure as an end exists in the form of critical thinking, which is the practice of intellectual virtue and is happiness itself.However, the relationship between leisure and happiness as an issue of virtue ethics is now forgotten and neither leisure studies nor ethical studies have been able to place it in the context of virtue ethics. The modern leisure research focuses on the relationship between individual leisure behavior, leisure experience and subjective well-being in social situations from psychological perspectives. As a social psychology term, “leisure” and “happiness” are not the same as those in Aristotle’. It emphasizes the subjective feelings and experiences rather than the concept of virtue. Also some scholars have attempted to restore the relationship between “leisure” and “happiness” in Aristotle, but their aim is to provide theoretical support for the study of specific leisure issues rather than to advocate the revival of Aristotle’s virtue ethics.Although some contemporary virtue ethicists advocate the recovery of the Aristotelian concepts of virtue and happiness, they do not reflect sufficient attention to the concept of leisure. On the one hand, leisure in Aristotle’s view belonged only to male city-state citizens, while slaves, women and barbarians were excluded from citizenship. This classical elitist argument, however, does not apply to modern society, which is built on the basis of equality among human beings. On the other hand, leisure has lost its necessity for achieving happiness in the development of contemporary virtue ethics. We need to return to the relationship between leisure and happiness in the framework of the Aristotelian virtue ethics. Theoretically, it can help clarify the relationship between leisure and happiness and lay a solid theoretical foundation for the development of modern leisure studies. It can also help achieve a stronger revival of Aristotle’s virtue ethics in the contemporary world. Practically, it can provide a reference for people to arrange leisure time appropriately, and encourage people to explore concrete ways to achieve a good life by treating leisure as a purpose.