从精英国家化到国家精英化——我国干部录用制度的历史考察

在全能主义时期，为了保证国家政权的稳固，国家倾向于把工人阶级和贫下中农出身的骨干录用为干部，实现了干部的阶级化；同时，为了促进精英与国家的合作，也录用了很多非无产阶级出身的精英为干部。国家对待1949年以前的精英策略是用一批、养一批和关一批，对被录用为干部的精英进行了相应的教育和改造，从而实现了精英的国家化。市场经济时期，基本上只有精英才能够成为干部，精英国家化已经演化为国家精英化。但是，在干部的考察任用方面出现的问题，则对民主政治的发展和现代国家治理产生了诸多负面影响。 因此，反思国家精英化中间存在的问题，就显得尤为必要。

From Elite Nationalization to National Elitism: A Historical Review on PRC's System of Cadre Recruitment

Recruiting cadres from the elite is a major strategy of elite nationalization． During the period of totalism， our government tended to select cadres largely from the backbone classes of factor workers and poor peasants with the purpose of ensuring the stability of the newly founded country． Cadres were thus placed into classes． In the meantime， in order to promote cooperation with the elite， the government recruited a number of cadres from the non proletarian elite， who were subject to “ideology reform” and “re education．” The government’s then strategies to deal with the elite who lived through the old society included appointing some to important posts， providing for some， or imprisoning some． Thus， elite nationalization was completed． During the period of market economy， there is a transformation from elite nationalization to national elitism， for basically only the elite are likely to be cadres． However， problems in appointing and appraising cadres have some negative impact on democratic politics and state governance． Therefore， it is essential to reflect on these problems when the nation adopts elitism．