论先商文化渊源及其殷先公迁徙之历史地理考察(上)

商族是华夏文明的重要奠基者之一，在中国远古文明史上占有特殊的重要地位，因此，探讨先商文化的渊源及其殷先公的迁徙对于研究中国远古文明起源具有十分重要的意义。什么是先商文化，近年来考古学界争论很大，大致有四种意见(一)认为先商文化是指商汤灭夏以前的考古学文化，提出三种类型(漳河型、辉卫型、南关外型)。(二)造律台类型龙山文化是先商文化。(三)豫北、冀南地区的二里头文化为先商文化。(四)用下七垣文化来命名漳河型、辉卫型遗存，避免直呼先商文化。以上诸说，我们同意先商文化是指汤灭夏以前的漳河型、辉卫型，全称下七垣文化，不同意将南关外型、造律台类型龙山文化，或者冀南、豫北的二里头文化视为先商文化。如何认识先商文化的渊源，首先应从漳河型、辉卫型的陶器着手进行分析，然后区别来源、基础与影响三者之间的不同关系。不同意将文化“来源”说成是多元的或说成是影响。漳河型是先商文化的原生形态，是因商族从晋中南迁徙而来，到豫北、冀南后，在豫北、冀南后岗二期的基础上发展起来的先商文化。辉卫型是先商文化的次生形态。先商文化的来源，只能有一个源头，应是从山西晋中南来，封地在商(漳)，即漳河流域。商族从晋中南地区迁徙到豫北、冀南后，而在后岗类型龙山文化的基础上逐渐扩大吸收周围文化的有利因素，从而形成独具特色、独立的先商文化。先商文化的考古发掘分布情况，正与古文献记载殷人先公的活动范围大致相当。商始祖契兴起于晋南，而后封于商(漳)，活动于漳河流域，以后不断迁徙于帝丘、砥石、殷等地，正与下七垣文化考古发掘的先商文化分布相吻合。

On the Origin of Pre-Shang Culture and An Investigation of the Historical Geography of the Change of Place of the Yin Ancestors

Shang Dynasty was one of the founding stones of Chinese culture and played a very important role in ancient Chinese civilization, so the investigation of its origin and the change of place of Yin ancestors is of great significance. Scholars hold different opinions on what pre_Shang culture is, and have the following four views.1. Archaeological culture before Tang Emperor of Shang destroyed Xia Dynasty, with three types: a. Zhanghe type; b. Huiwei type; and c. Outside South_pass type. 2. Longshan culture. 3. Erlitou culture bordering on Henan and Hebei. 4. Calling not pre_Shang culture but Xiaqihuan culture. We agree that pre_Shang culture refers to the Zhanghe type and Huiwei type before Tang destroyed Xia. We should begin with the analysis of the pottery of the Zhanghe and Huiwei types to trace the origin of the pre_Shang culure. We believe the Zhanghe type is the primary state of pre_Shang culture while Huiwei type is the secondary state of the pre_Shang cuture. The origin of pre_Shang culture is single, not plural. The Shang tribe moved from mid_Hebei to south_Hebei And settled along the river of Zhang (Shang). This hypothesis agrees with the archaeological findings.