论基于生存需要的自然资源开发利用权

环境法意义上的自然资源开发利用权,与民法、经济法意义上的自然资源开发利用权具有显著的差别。环境法意义上的基于生存需要的自然资源开发利用权,是环境权的核心内容之一,是指农业社会中的弱势群体为了满足生存需要而对自然资源的财产权利以及从事与自然资源有关的财产性活动的权利。《农村土地承包法》已经考虑到了农村公民的基于生存需要的自然资源开发利用权优先于一般的土地经济权利的法律地位。环境法还需要进一步将农业社会中的弱势群体的土地承包经营权从一般意义上的土地承包经营权中剥离出来,使其成为一项独立的环境权。当全社会出于保护生态环境的目的而需要限制农民的基于生存需要的自然资源开发利用权时,政府必须代表全社会向这部分处于弱势地位的农民支付足额的生态效益补偿,以保障他们的基本生存需要。我国农业社会中的弱势群体的生存条件问题的解决,有赖于环境法对于基于生存需要的自然资源开发利用权的制度设计。

On the Rights of Natural Resources Use Based on the Fundamental Needs of Living

The right to use of natural resources in the sense of environmental law is distinctly different from one in the sense of civil and economic law. It is the disadvantaged group's property right to natural resources and to engage in activities related to natural resources in order to meet their fundamental needs for survival. Environmental legislation should treat it as an independent environmental right on the legal basis of rural land management right provided by the Rural Land Contract Law. When the restriction and prohibition to rural land is necessary for environmental protection, the government should take full responsibilities in providing social insurance to the rural disadvantaged group. Such a system design helps a lot to meet the fundamental living needs for the disadvantaged group in rural society.