失范范畴的理论演化

法国学者对失范理论作出了开创性的贡献:马里.居友把失范理解为一种有创造力的新生事物,强调了失范的正功能;涂尔干认为失范已成为任何解组形式或者是缺乏凝聚力的表现。美国学者默顿认为失范是指文化目标与制度性手段的不平衡,并阐述了个人适应模式;索罗尔关心的是个体层面上的失范,通过五种失范的维度构建起失范量表。失范是一个动态的、多义的理论范畴,西方学者对失范范畴的讨论经历了由抽象到具体、由理解性的概念到可测量的指标的过程。社会失范概念的内涵分可为微观和宏观两个层面:宏观层面的失范是社会规范、制度体系的稳定性与社会秩序问题,主要指社会规范系统的瓦解状态,即社会解组;微观层面的失范主要指社会团体或社会成员的失范行为,它与越轨行为是同义语。前者是失范行为产生的宏观社会背景条件;后者是规范对象与执行者的失范,是一个社会产生解组的外在表现。宏观层面的规范解组与微观层面的行为越轨是理解失范范畴的两个核心概念。

Theorizing Anomie

It was French scholars who pioneered the studies of anomie.Anomie was functionally creative to Jean Marie Guyau,who focused on the positive side of this phenomenon.In Durhkeim,anomie was expression of disintegration or lack of cohesion.Merton took anomie as the imbalance between cultural ends and institutional means;thus,he developed an individual adaptation model.Srole was concerned more about the individual anomie and developed a five-dimensional scale.Anomie is a dynamic concept with multiple meanings.The existing discussions cover such huge areas as from the abstract to the concrete and from the comprehensible to the measurable.This article suggests that norm disintegration and behavior deviance are terms,vital for us to understand the concept of anomie.