人工智能背景下医疗法律责任的现实困境与完善路径

医疗人工智能利用深度学习和计算机算法等现代化技术，实现辅助诊疗、医学影像、药物发掘、健康诊疗等功能，是人工智能应用最具前景的领域之一。随着人工智能技术发展，具备自主思维和决策能力的智能机器人医生等人工智能将对现有的医疗法律责任制度带来颠覆性影响。在人工智能背景下，医疗人工智能是否具有独立法律主体地位、传统的医疗过错责任归责能否适用、因果关系如何认定等成为现代民事法律责任制度的严峻挑战，也成为实践中的必答之问。因此，在借鉴欧美人工智能领域的探索经验的基础上，在当前阶段通过修正和完善我国民事法律责任制度，提出针对不同的人工智能侵权情形适用差别化归责原则，并尝试建立人工智能强制保险或储备金制度，设置人工智能监管机构及行业标准，以实现既保障患者合法公平权益，又鼓励人工智能技术有效发展之间的平衡。

The Practical Dilemma and Improvement Path of Medical Legal Liability under the Background of Artificial Intelligence

Medical artificial intelligence is one of the most promising fields in the application of artificial intelligence. It uses modern technologies such as deep learning and computer algorithm to realize the functions of auxiliary diagnosis and treatment, medical imaging, drug discovery, health diagnosis and treatment. With the development of artificial intelligence technology, artificial intelligence such as intelligent robot doctors with independent thinking and decision-making ability will have a subversive impact on the existing medical legal liability system. In the era of artificial intelligence, whether the medical artificial intelligence has the status of independent legal subject, whether the traditional medical fault liability can be applied, and how to determine the causal relationship, have become the severe challenges of the modern civil legal liability system, and also become the necessary questions in practice. Based on the exploration experience in the field of artificial intelligence in Europe and the United States, this paper proposes that the principle of differentiated liability should be applied to different cases of artificial intelligence infringement by amending and improving China''s civil legal liability system, trying to establish artificial intelligence compulsory insurance or reserve system, setting up artificial intelligence regulatory agencies and industry standards, so as to realize the existing protection of patients'' legitimate and fair rights and interests, but also encourage the balance of effective development of artificial intelligence technology.