南宋词科取士与制文之体关系论略

两宋的词科考试作为科举考试之一种,其制度的设立对两宋骈文的发展有着不可低估的作用。南宋文人由词科入等而入西掖、北门,进而执掌内外之制的现象颇为常见,朝廷诰命、典章巨制的写作从初习词科的模拟之作成为视草代言之体,由此也生发出一些较北宋而言更为复杂的文体观念。词科与制文的关系主要体现在:应试词科衍生出一批进卷、行卷行为,并出现了大量的类书,促进了四六文的兴盛,影响了馆阁的制书写作;对典故的谙习、制度的熟稔与制文体式的遵循是应试词科的基本要求,词科者入等者在馆职写作中也承续了词科文体。词科与制文的关系如此密切,以至宁宗嘉定以后,轻视宏词科的直接后果,是导致了两制之文的衰落。词科的发展也引起时人对"词科习气"的批评,而所谓的"词科习气",与南宋骈文对北宋骈文的变异有关。另外,由词科入等或曾应举过词科的士人中,有不少人也有着兼学理学的倾向,他们也试图在朝廷的公文写作中复返汉代遗风。

On the Relationship Between the Selection of Scholar-Officials by Cike Imperial Examination and the Format of Imperial Edict Drafting in the Southern Song Dynasty

As one of the imperial examinations in the Song Dynasty,the establishment of Cike Imperial Examination(for the selection of imperial edict drafters) played an inestimable role in the development of rhythmical prose writing at that time.In the history of the Southern Song Dynasty,we can find many examples of how a candidate passed Cike Imperial Examination and further became in charge of imperial edict drafting in the Imperial Academy or in the Grand Secretariat.The relationship between Cike Imperial Examination and imperial edict drafting was mainly embodied as follows: As Cike Imperial Examination allowed the candidates to submit their non-exam works to the relevant examiner for reference and caused the appearance of many exam-reference books,it led to the prosperity of rhythmical prose writing and indirectly influenced the imperial edict drafting.The basic requirements for those candidates who wanted to pass Cike Imperial Examination were the mastery of allusions,the familiarity with the present system,and the abiding by the format of imperial edict drafting.Those who passed Cike Imperial Examination continued to apply the format of Cike Imperial Examination to their writing.The development of Cike Imperial Examination also provoked some criticisms at the "Cike format",which was related to the variation of the rhythmical prose in the Southern Song Dynasty from that in the Northern Song Dynasty.Besides,among the scholar-officials who passed or had the experience of participating in Cike Imperial Examination,many people had a trend in favor of Neo-Confucianism and tried to restore the format of the Han Dynasty in their imperial edict drafting.