论公众共用物共享权的分析路径

个人主义方法论与整体主义方法论提供了认识公众共用物共享权的两种不同路径。个人主义方法论从微观角度分析个人的行为选择，认为共享权是“作为个体的公众”享有的个体性权利；整体主义方法论从宏观角度认识公众共用物的基本属性，认为共享权是“作为整体的公众”享有的整体性权利。公众共用物共享权主体的不特定性、开放性，客体的公共性、共享性表明它是一项新兴的非排他性权利。这一权利特性决定了应当综合运用两种方法论研究公众共用物共享权，其中，个人主义方法论体现在依据“生态人”假设、“请求权”理论与法律经济分析等方式研究共享权；整体主义方法论体现在对公众共用物的类型化研究与对共享权的综合化保护。综合运用两种方法论有利于了解个人在公众共用物中的具体需求以及借助个人权利体系予以保护，有利于从整体观、系统论的角度保障公众共用物的持续供给。

On Analysis Path of Right to Using Commons

There are two different paths for understanding the right to using commons: the individualist methodology and the holistic methodology. Individualist methodology stands on a micro perspective and believes that right to using commons is an individual right enjoyed by “the public as an individual” while the holistic methodology understands the basic attributes of commons from a macroscopic perspective and holds that the right to using commons is an integral right enjoyed by “the public as a whole”. The right to using commons is a new non-exclusive right determined by the non-specificity and openness of their subject and the publicity and sharing of their object. This characteristic of right determines that two methodologies should be used comprehensively to study “right to using commons”. In the research of right to using commons, the individualist methodology is embodied in the hypothesis of “ecological person”, claim-right theory, and legal and economic analysis while the holistic methodology is embodied in typification of commons and the comprehensive protection of right to using commons. The comprehensive application of the two methodologies is conducive to understanding the specific needs of individuals in commons and protecting them with the help of individual rights system, and to ensuring the sustainable supply of commons from the holistic and systematic perspective.