国家管辖范围外海洋保护区国际造法原理与中国方案

国际造法的议题设置通常缘于特定国家或国家集团的推动，而国际造法需在制度和程序上具有正当性。通过欧盟的倡导并在联合国等国际组织推动下，国家管辖范围外海洋保护区议题进入了国际社会的造法进程。而这将对《联合国海洋法公约》框架下公海自由等相关规则产生冲击，也会对中国深远海活动的开展造成影响。国家管辖范围外海洋保护区国际造法应具有正当性，其制度应反映各国利益的协调，其程序应保障各国的普遍参与并为各国达成共识提供机会。目前各国在海洋保护区设立与管理的科学基础与目的、邻近沿海国的权利以及决策程序等方面存在分歧。中国应在“海洋命运共同体”理念下积极参与国家管辖范围外海洋保护区国际造法，提出中国方案，影响相关国际规则的制定。

On Elements of International Law-making for Marine Protected Areas beyond National Jurisdiction and China' s Proposals

Setting the international law-making agenda is usually driven by specific States or the group of States. The international law-making demands system legitimacy and process legitimacy. Through the advocacy of the European Union and the promotion of the United Nations and other international organizations, the issue of marine protected areas beyond national jurisdiction has entered the legal-making process in the international community. This will have impacts on the freedom of the high seas and other relevant rules under the framework of the UNCLOS, and will also affect China’s activities in high and deep seas. The international law-making of marine protected areas beyond national jurisdiction should be legitimate, as its system should reflect the coordination of the interests of States, and its process should guarantee the universal participation of States and provide opportunities for reaching consensus. At present, States have differences on the scientific basis and purpose of the establishment and management of marine protected areas, the rights of adjacent coastal states, and decision-making procedures. China should actively participate in the international law-making process under the idea of “building maritime community with shared future”, and make China’s proposals to influence the formulation of relevant international rules.