明代吏员的参充及指参———以《盟水斋存牍》为考察中心

在明代,吏员的参充制度主要有佥充、罚充和求充三种,而且其之间又有一个发展变化的过程。在明代中后期,求充成为主要参充制度,在这种参充制度下,吏员的指参问题日益凸显,如参充中的吏员压参争缺、役满吏员索取顶头钱、役满吏典托故恋参占役、吏役借效劳、捏劳指参吏职、吏役移恩指参吏职、贿买吏批参充吏职以及吏与官勾结参充吏职等。这些问题的产生对明代吏治产生了巨大的影响。通过对这些问题的研究,有利于我们总结其利弊得失,并以此警示现行的公务员选拔制度中存在的问题。

The selection system and its problem of Clerks in Ming Dynasty

There are three main methods of the selection of clerks in the Ming Dynasty,inclding "Government selection"、"Punishment selection"and "Initiative selection".Moreover,there is a process of development and change between them.The Initiative selection became a major selection system in the late Ming Dynasty.In this selection system,the problem of the selection system become more severely.For example: "Illegal fight for a better post"、 "Retirees extort money to the new staff" 、"Retirees look for reasons refused to leave the post"、 "The clerks take having merit in the post as an excuse to grab the post"、 "The clerks grab the post for relatives"、 "The clerks grab the post by suborn the legal instruments"、 "The clerks grab the post by collusion with government officials".These issues have a huge influence on the Ming Dynasty Official.Through these studies,will help us summarize the advantages and disadvantages.And thus alert the current problems in the cicil service system.