汉宣帝时期的民族关系思想初探

汉宣帝对民族关系的理想追求是“万国伏,贻长久”,其思想核心是“推亡固存,信威北夷”;因这一思想符合中原王朝的根本利益,因此成了后世处理民族关系的重要理论依据。赵充国的民族关系思想体系主要由三大理论观点所构成:一是以夷击夷,二是分化瓦解诸羌同盟,三是“威德并行”。从汉宣帝以及大臣们对赵充国的理论观点表示怀疑到逐渐理解和认同,说明任何一种理论都有一个被逐步认识和逐步接受的过程。魏相对少数民族出师应有名的思想,最突出的特点是大气和大度,它既体现了汉朝主动改善汉匈关系的积极态度和诚意,也与汉宣帝“信威北夷”的思想比较合拍。萧望之民族关系思想的主要观点,一是反对汉与乌孙和亲,二是“不伐丧”,三是“让而不臣”。尽管“让而不臣”是当时处理汉匈关系的最佳理论,却遭到了丞相黄霸和御史大夫于定国等重臣的普遍反对。由于汉宣帝采纳了萧望之“让而不臣”的理论并积极实践,才使汉朝出现了“北边自宣帝以来,数世不见烟火之警,人民炽盛,牛马布野”的太平和繁荣局面。由此可见,真理并非都掌握在多数人的手中,就如何对待匈奴呼韩邪单于到长安朝见这件事情而言,真理就为萧望之个别人掌握。

A Discussion of the Thought of Nationality Relations During the Period of Xuan Emperor in the Han Dynasty

The thought of nationality relations during the period of Xuan emperor in the Han Dynasty was to pursue peace with the nationalities in and out of the country.Because the thought was in conformity with the basic interests of the country,it became the important theoretical basis of dealing with the nationality relations in the later dynasties.The policy of dealing with nationality relations brought about a peaceful and prosperous situation in the country.