四川民族自治地方非物质文化遗产保护现状与保护策略

一直以来四川民族自治地方开展了具有一定广度和深度的非物质文化遗产保护工作,逐渐形成了国家、省、市（州）、县四级非物质文化遗产代表性名录保护体系。非物质文化遗产保护的＂后申报时期＂,四川民族自治地方应力争实现民族自治地方文化资源与优势资源结合、民族文化资源带动经济发展方式的深刻转变,探索非物质文化遗产保护常态化、产业化、多元化、专业化、制度化的发展策略和制度支撑。

Present Conditions and Strategies of Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection in Sichuan Ethnic Autonomous Areas

The intangible cultural heritage of ethnic minorities is the most typical cultural resource with ethnic characteristics. Its scientific protection and effective usage can not only help to transmit and develop the intangible cultural heritage of ethnic minorities,but also can transform the ethnic minorities’cultural resources into advantageous resources,thus,promoting economic development in ethnic minority autonomous areas. For a long time,the ethnic minority autonomous areas have paid considerable attention to the protection of ethnic intangible cultural heritage ; explored various effective protective measures; and built up an effective model for protecting ethnic intangible cultural heritage guaranteed by the ethnic autonomous law. 1. Present Conditions of Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection in Sichuan Ethnic Autonomous Areas The protection of intangible cultural heritage in Sichuan ethnic autonomous areas has the following characteristics： 1） It is relatively difficult to protect intangible cultural heritage in Sichuan’ s ethnic autonomous areas. Although the intangible culture heritage in these areas is very rich,it is difficult to protect it because most of of the intangible cultural heritage is embedded in folk literature, music, dance and folklore etc. 2） The ease with which people can participate is another characteristic of intangible cultural heritage protection in Sichuan ethnic minority autonomous areas. There is a good community base regarding folk literature,folk music,dance and folklore etc. The basic goal of protection of the intangible heritage can be realized through providing a proper eco environment for intangible culturalheritage,strengthening school education and the publicizing the protection of intangible cultural heritage. 3 ） The intangible cultural heritage in Sichuan ethnic autonomous areas could be combined with the unique natural landscape in these areas, and become a rich cultural industry and tourism resource. For instance,the Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture not only has rich intangible cultural heritage resources,but also has rich tourism resources,including national level scenic spots,national level AAAA tourism spots,national level natural protectected areas,national park forests , etc. 2. Suggestions for promoting intangible cultural heritage protection in Sichuan ethnic minority autonomous areas The implementation of ＂the Law of Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection ＂ and the Cultural Ministry’ s ＂Announcement for Strengthening the Management of National Level Intangible Cultural Heritage Masterpiece Protection＂are special markers for intangible heritage protection’ s stepping into a ＂post application period＂. Sichuan ethnic minority autonomous areas should have a sense of ＂period ＂ awareness and development awareness,and make more achievements in intangible heritage protection by taking the regional and ethnic characteristics of intangible heritage protection into consideration. 1） Regularization Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Regularizing intangible cultural heritage includes regularizing intangible cultural heritage management and regularizing intangible cultural heritage protection. On 24 July,2011,the Cultural Ministry’ s＂Announcement of Strengthening the Management of National Intangible Cultural Heritage Masterpiece Protection＂made a provision for regularizing the management and supervision of intangible heritage protection. It created a requirement for the dynamic management of national projects,and set up a mechanism for removing national intangible heritage items. By doing the announcement standardized local intangible heritage protection in ethnic minority areas. 2） Industrialization of intangible cultural heritage protection The question of whether intangible cultural heritage protection should be industrialized,i. e. turned into a cultural industry,is raising the issue of how to handle the contradiction between protection and transmission and rational exploitation. The main purpose of intangible heritage protection in ethnic minority areas is to protect the culture diversity. However,intangible cultural heritage is an important resource for the development of cultural industries. Hence,the ethnic minority autonomous areas should think about the cultural industries model,with the purpose of both protecting intangible heritage,and specially managing those issues related to a rational industrialization of intangible heritage. 3） Diversification of intangible cultural heritage protection Viewed from the perspective of working principles,organizing institutions,and working methods of intangible cultural heritage,we notice that bureaucratization is that main feature of present intangible cultural heritage protection. The strong administrative nature of bureaucratization has resulted in the dislocation of dominant rights in heritage protection,the separation of present heritage protection from former cultural protection work, and the weakening of the initiatives and enthusiasm in intangible heritage protection etc. Therefore,in terms of the act of intangible heritage protection, we should change the government universal protection model,and strive to realize the diversification of the primary protection bodies; and in doing so establish a multiple protection mechanism super-vised by the government,researched by experts, transmitted and innovated by the inheritors,and one in which social intermediary organizations, volunteers and the public participate. 4） The professionalization of intangible cultural heritage protection Intangible cultural heritage cannotbe separated from its specific time and space. Therefore,we must depend on professional protection measures and professional human resources if the special properties of ＂vitality ＂,including the folk,dynamic,living and ecological natures,of intangible cultural heritage,are to be maintained. The precondition of professional protection isfirst to classify the types of intangible heritage, then,to conduct properly innovative activities,and last,to view correctly the transformation between intangible cultural heritage and intangible culture. 5 ） Institutionalization of intangible cultural heritage protection ＂The Law of Intangible Cultural Heritage＂is a basic principle for adjusting the relations of intangible cultural heritages. However,in ethnic minority areas,the law lacks pertinence and operability regarding the intangible heritage protection. . Therefore,the ethnic minority areas should consider the following actions from the perspective of ethnic minority autonomous rights： a. promote the participation of the community b. ensure the ethnic minoritys’right of development; and c. make specific regulations and technical standards. Conclusion An effective approach to the protection of intangible cultural heritage in Sichuan’ s ethnic minority areas should： （ i） insist on the advantage of having ethnic minority autonomous legislation in intangible cultural heritage protection,and provide the basis for intangible cultural heritage protection through perfecting the legal system; （ ii） strictly obey the basic principles of intangible cultural heritage protection,insist on the precondition of classify in g the types of intangible cultural heritage,and explore the productive protection model in intangible cultural heritage protection; （ iv） insist on the basic model of state led intangible cultural herit-age protection,and conduct project final period management based on present protection system of making national,provincial,prefecture （ city） and county level name list; （ v ） combine intangible cultural heritage protection with the development of local cultural industries and tourism resources,and mobilize the enthusiasm of the local community’ s to participate in showing their own intangible cultural heritage; （ vi） insist on regularizing the management of those individuals who inherit intangible cultural heritage masterpieces. 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