两周时期独辀马车驾马数问题研究述论

由于礼书及其他先秦文献记载零星、散乱,使两周时期宗法制度下的贵族马车驾马数问题成为千年讼案。自汉至清,经学家各自依据不同的文献而提出两种不同的驾马制度:一是《王度记》中的"天子驾六,诸侯与卿驾四,大夫驾三,士驾二,庶人驾一";二是古《毛诗》中"天子至大夫同驾四,士驾二"。研究者围绕两周贵族的驾马问题、特别是"天子驾数",从浩如烟海的文献典籍中为自己的立论寻找依据。两千年来,先儒花费了大量的心血和气力,问题始终没有得到解决。近代以来史学家考古家虽然在研究方法上有所进步,但是仍然没有走出经学研究的巢臼。综观二千年来的研究,最根本的原因在于对有关文献记载把握和认识的差异,以至于影响到对考古发现的判断。

Study on How many Horses Pull Single Carriage Aristocrats Took in Period between the East and West Dynasties

As a result of the sporadic and dishevelled literatures in history, how many horses pull single carriage that aristocrats took in patriarchal clan system in the period between the East and West dynasties has been a case for more than thousands of years. From Han dynasty to Qing dynasty, reseachers put forward two different systems according to the different literature. In the book Wangdu's notes, "an emperor took a six-horses carriage, a seigneur took a four-horses carriage, Daifu took a three-horses carriage, a scholar took a two-horses carriage, plebeian took a one-horse carriage." In Mao's Peoms, from an emperor to Daifu took a four-horses carriage, a scholar took a two-horses carriage. Researchers had searched gists for making a point on how many horses took single carriage that aristocrats took in the tremendous amount of literatures. Two thousand years passed by, Confucian spent vast painstaking effort and strength on it, but they didn't solve it all the time. Making a comprehensive view two thousand years researches, researchers didn't have correct judgements about archaeological discoverings because they had different understanding about relating literatures. The paper has summarized previous researchers'harvests, and maked a consideration on the pendent and controversial causes.