“穷根”与“翻身”:第二次乡村变革后的精英再生产机制研究

改革开放后的中国农村社会结构发生了巨大变化,其中一个关键点就是乡村精英再生产机制的变迁。鲁中三村的精英再生产机制展现了改革开放后中国乡村精英循环或再生产机制的一个侧面,具有典型的个案意义。跨时段调查结果显示,这些村庄的“新贵精英”及其后代打破了“穷根”的诅咒,而传统精英及其后代则实现了“翻身”。当代农村社会结构被再生产的新贵精英与传统精英重新塑造:前者重视以政治体制内的权力资源为主体的各种资源的融合利用,通过体制安排实现了代际传承|后者重视以文化与经济资源为主体的各种资本的再发掘,代际“言说”机制起到巨大作用。随着现代市场经济和城市化进程的不断推进,两者的再生产机制开始趋同,即依赖的再生产资源都开始趋向于文化资源。同时,农村的现代“边缘群体”利用暴力性行为等,也在获取资源的过程中形成了“准精英”群体。

Qionggen (Roots of Poverty) and Fanshen (Economic Revival) :A Study on the Reproductive Mechanism of Rural Elites after the Second Rural Reform in China

During the second rural reform in the 1980's,the rural economic reform,market economy and urbanization exerted an important effect on the reproduction structure of China's rural elites .Our studies of Village A,Village B and Village H in Shandong Province of China demonstrate one characteristic of the regenerative or the reproductive mechanism of the rural elite after reform and opening up .The″New Rural Elite″(cultivated by the Communist Party of China after 1949) and the″Traditional Rural Elite″(the rural elite before 1949) have experienced enormous changes .The continuation of generations exemplifies the endogenous change of the contemporary rural structure .One longitudinal study shows that the″New Rural Elite″and their descendants broke the″QionggenCurse,″or the poverty curse,while the″Traditional Rural Elite″ and their descendants have achieved Fanshen,or economic revival .The contemporary rural social structure has been reshaped by the new generation of the two elites .The former relies on the resources,chiefly the political power,of the political system,and the economic resources of other institutional arrangements . Their generational succession is then realized by turning these resources into economic support .The latter,on the other hand,relies on the rediscovery of cultural and economic resources .During this process of revival,″verbal instruction,″i .e .family teaching by personal example and verbal instruction,is the main recessive mechanism to pass on their characteristics,although the″dominant″economic and power resources play an important role .The verbal instruction is essential for the traditional elite to increase their descendants' human capital and acquire new economic resources and social capital,and to eventually acquire cultural resources to achieve a non-agricultural social identity .With the development of the market economy and the rapid urbanization,the two groups of elites are now relying on the same cultural resources educational opportunities for their children to achieve an urban identity,no matter whether their traditional reproduction has been achieved with political resources or cultural capital accumulation .In addition,the rural marginal population may resort to violence to acquire resources and become the″quasi-elite,″which impacts the rural elite structure,but further study is needed to track their reproductive mechanism .This research tries to bring up some open topics in the process of China's urbanization :Will the generative and regenerative mechanisms of the contemporary rural elite change in the future ?Will they succeed in achieving non-agricultural identities ?These are the crucial issues for rural governance and supply-related policies in the future .