人力资本异质性与区域产业升级:基于前沿文献的讨论

人力资本异质性对于区域产业升级日益重要。人力资本异质性表现为不同群体的人力资本存在技能、教育程度、社会地位的差异，不同区域的人力资本存在数量、质量、结构上的差异。除了人力资本投资，劳动力市场分割也是人力资本异质性的重要来源。新经济地理学框架下人力资本异质性通过人力资本流动影响就业和企业选址，改变产业空间分布。人力资本水平通过影响区域的技术选择，决定了技术进步路径；人力资本水平决定了产业结构转换能力，人力资本类型、结构与产业结构的匹配状况决定着产业结构优化的效果。劳动力市场分割所带来的人力资本异质性，不同类型人力资本在经济中的最优比例、在区域产业升级中的作用机制问题及其空间经济效应等问题，都有待深入研究。

Human Capital Heterogeneity and Regional Industrial Upgrading: An Analysis Based on the Latest Research Literature

At the higher stage of economic development，employee will be more concerned about non-economic factors.This increasingly highlights the importance of human capital heterogeneity， which is reflected on individual characteristics by differences in skills，education and social status，and on regional characteristics by differences in quantity，quality and structure. Human capital investment and labor market segmentation are two sources of human capital heterogeneity. The role of human capital investment is to improve the skill levels of human capital. It will affect the overall structure and heterogeneity of human capital. Labor market segmentation will act on employee selection and human capital flows， which cannot be ignored in site selection of firms and regional industrial upgrading. In the framework of new economic geography， the heterogeneity of human capital reflects on the firm's cost function of production and the consumer's utility function， changing the spatial distribution of the industry， and leading to human capital intensity and industrial agglomeration.  Human capital heterogeneity promotes regional industrial upgrading by technological progress and regional industrial structure optimization. Human capital level determines regional technology selection， which in turn determines the path of technology progress. Human capital has threshold effect and can be used to measure the potential of regional industrial upgrading. The higher the level of human capital，the more favorable it is for independent R&D and industrial structure conversion. Human capital has different effects on the development of three industries. The higher the level of human capital，the faster the pace of the development of tertiary industry. Whether the type and structure of human capital dynamically match with industrial structure determines the effect of industrial structure optimization. Raising the level of human capital is bound to create more advanced types of human capital， bringing the growth of new industrial forms. Human capital structure optimization also helps industrial structure optimization． Current research on human capital heterogeneity，to be specific， its role on regional industrial upgrading is still in its infancy and therefore there is still much room for research. First，labor market segmentation brings in new heterogeneity of human capital. We should study how to eliminate labor market segmentation，and give full play to the role of different types of human capital on industrial upgrading. Second，different types of human capital maybe have different optimal proportions in the economy. There should be an optimal scale of investment for different types of human capital in the actual economic system. Third，the study of the roles of different types of human capital in regional industrial upgrading has significant value for the performance of regional human capital and the optimization of industrial structure and in the balance of different types of human capital investment as well. Finally，the effect of the spatial economy brought by different human capitals will have an impact on the economic development of adjacent areas. We should explore the mechanisms for inter-provincial coordination and interaction of human capital to achieve industry gradient transfer and industrial upgrading in the Chinese context of huge gaps between regions in their development and natural resources．