刑讯与辩诉交易

辩诉易制度与中世纪的刑讯制度在起源、功能以及某些具体的理论主张上极为相似。它表明刑事司法制度设定过高的程序与证明标准可能引发替代性制度，最终导致正式证据与程序制度被架空甚至被直接规避。刑讯逼供制度是法定证据制度无法实现的结果；而辩诉交易盛行则反映了当代英关对抗性陪审制无法成为普遍程序的现实。简化繁琐的对抗性陪审制是避免辨诉交易的重要途径。

Torture and Plea Bargaining

There are remarkable parallels in aspects of origin, function, and even specific points of doctrine between the law of torture and the law of plea bargaining. It demonstrates that if procedural and evidential standard is too high, alternative systems will avoid the formal systems. The law of torture comes from the unpractical legal proof system while the law of plea bargaining comes from the impractical jury system. Summary trial system can reduce plea bargaining and make rights well protected.