在国族与世界之间:莫斯对文明与文明研究的构想

1913年至1930年间，马塞尔·莫斯（Marcel Mauss）将文明重新界定为介于国族与世界之间的物质、制度、精神实体及它们的道德生境。本文系统考察了莫斯对文明与文明研究构想的由来、学术和现实政治针对性以及对当下社会科学革新的意义。文章指出，这一构想在两次世界大战之间得到集中表达。在此期间，有宗教和科学双重基础的西方理性主义文明论与19世纪末出现的极端国族主义文化论，时而相互对立，时而相互结合，给欧洲乃至整个世界带来了严重的现实问题和思想问题。心灵穿梭在共同体之间，莫斯对流动在疆界之间的文明现象给予了关注，对这些现象及其形式和区域分布之研究做了人文科学的总体展望。莫斯的相关设想在当下仍具有高度的现实针对性。鉴于社会科学（包括美式区域研究）长期受制于国族与世界对分格局，莫斯对社会存在之“中间领域”（“诸文明”）的论述将持续起到“思想解放”的作用。

Between Nations and the World: Marcel Mauss's Conceptualization of Civilization and Envisioning of Human Science

Between 1913 and 1930, Marcel Mauss worked to re-define civilizations in terms of material, institutional, and spiritual entities and moral vitalities between the nations and the world. This paper makes an inquiry of the historical origin of Mauss's project, its intellectual and political pertinence, as well as its contemporary implications. Mauss's project of human science of civilizations was envisaged during the time of rupture between the two world wars, a period of tensions and self-contradictory syntheses between the rationalist notions of civilization and the nationalist notions of culture. The former was founded upon both religious and scientific bases and the latter took extremism in the late 19^th century. The struggle of the two caused serious problems in Europe as well as other parts of the world. In his study of the "phenomena of civilization," Mauss conceptualized civilization as the in-between hyper-social spaces between the national borders. He examined the forms and geographic patterns of the spread of the phenomena and argued that for human science-in particular, ethnology and sociology-to be truer to societies and cultures, such phenomena should be systematically studied sociologically. Mauss also believed that a holistic human science would not be possible unless such civilizational phenomena were taken into account by the sociologist. Critiquing the existing territorial boundedness of sociology and the ethical indifference of ethnology, Mauss insisted on the combination of the two subjects-the ethnological sociology of the hyper-sociality, or "moral miliu" of the relation between societies. This study argues that what Mauss envisaged a century ago is still relevant to today's world. Considering that social sciences (including the post-war American sciences of "area studies") today are often constrained by the division of "specialized" and "general" fields, it is important to renew Mauss's open mindedness to see civilizations as the "intermediaries" of social existence encompassing a certain number of nations, each national culture being only a form of the whole.The introductory section here reflects on the dominance of the model of "the world of the nations" in social science, which has resulted in the unfortunate disremembering of Durkheimian sociology of civilizations. It follows with the discussion of the subject of civilizations in the life and work of Mauss. The core parts of this study outline the history of the nationalization and civilization of Annee Sociologique, offer a review of Mauss's critique of nationalism and narratives of civilization, as well as a summary of his models of forms, contents, and regions of civilizations. In the concluding remarks, the discussion of Annee Sociologique on civilizations is related to the early 20th century Chinese intellectual thinking regarding national polities and cosmopolitanism.