京剧《四进士》中的“异乡人”与“好人”:论明清社会中“差序格局”的另一面

费孝通先生的“差序格局”概念是中国社会学中的经典概念。近年来，围绕“差序格局”学界有更加深入的探讨，揭示了其内部的丰富性和复杂性。不过，这些研究并没有探讨“差序格局”的另一面，即如何能从亲属关系推展到天下范围。为了探讨这一问题，本文对京剧《四进士》剧本进行了细致分析，从中发现“异乡人”和“好人”两个重要概念，通过探索其内涵及其相互关系，来理解“差序格局”中“推”的真正含义。在此基础上，本文探讨了“亲属关系”与“异乡人关系”之间的复杂关联，并重新理解“伦理精神”的含义。

The “Outsider” and “Good Man” in Peking Opera Four Scholars: An Unexplored Facet of “the Differential Mode of Association” in Ming and Qing Traditional Society

The concept of "the differential mode of association" was crafted by Fei Xiaotong and became one of the classics in Chinese social theory. In recent years, the concept has been quite thoroughly examined by scholars with a focus on the inner structure of the model, leaving one question largely unanswered. That is how the differential mode of association extends from kinship to "all under the heaven" (tianxia, the universal world). This paper provides an in-depth analysis of Four Scholars by looking into two key concepts of "outsider" and "good man" in the play.During Ming and Qing, the burgeoning economy brought frequent population movements that led to a new category of so-called "outsiders" who were somewhat removed from the conventional social relations and ethical obligation. Upon this category, the concept of "good man" was introduced into the popular vocabulary to distinguish those "outsiders" who seemed to represent a new type of ethical order. Actions of the main characters in Four Scholars were examined to explore the potential as well as the process of transforming an "outsider" into a "good man"-an important process of "extension" in the differential mode of association. Here the "ethical spirit" is also reexamined through the relationship between kinfolks and outsiders.