《民法典》与破产法的衔接与协调

《中华人民共和国民法典》自2021年1月1日起施行,《民法典》的部分规定直接或间接涉及破产问题,影响到对破产法的理解与实施。文章从担保物权和合同方面对《民法典》与《企业破产法》的协调与衔接进行研究,并提出完善和实施建议。《民法典》关于最高额抵押债权确定时点以及动产浮动抵押财产范围确定时点的规定,在适用于破产案件时应考虑其特别需要进行调整,以破产申请受理而不是破产宣告作为确定时点。《民法典》对保证合同如一般保证人先诉抗辩权等增加的内容,有助于破产法顺利实施,但对多个保证人间无约定保证份额时,已经承担保证责任的保证人是否有权请求其他保证人清偿相应份额问题,还应予以明确,以便统一实施。《民法典》对委托合同终止的规定,为破产案件中管理人的合同选择履行权对委托合同是否适用提供了解决原则。《民法典》对所有权保留买卖合同中出卖人取回标的物条件和买受人已支付价款处理的规定,较《破产法解释二》的规定更为公平合理,应对破产法进行相应修正。

Connection and Coordination between Civil Code and Bankruptcy Law

Some provisions of the Civil Code involve bankruptcy issues directly or indirectly,affecting the understanding and implementation of the bankruptcy law.This paper focuses on the coordination and connection between the Civil Code and the Enterprise Bankruptcy Law in terms of security interest and contracts,and proposes suggestions for improvement and implementation.The provisions of the Civil Code on the timing of determining the maximum mortgage claims and the scope of movable floating charge property should be adjusted to the special needs of bankruptcy cases,taking the acceptance of bankruptcy application as the timing of determination,rather than declaration of bankruptcy.The contents related to contract of guaranty,such as provisions related to benefit of discussion of general guarantor,which are added by Civil Code,contribute to the smooth implementation of bankruptcy law.But it should be clarified that if the guarantor who has assumed the guaranty duty is entitled to require other guarantors to repay the corresponding share,when there is no agreed guaranty share among multiple guarantors.The provisions of the Civil Code on the termination of commission contract provide a solution principle for whether the administrator’s right to assume or reject an executory contract in the bankruptcy cases applies to the commission contract.The provision of Civil Code on the conditions for seller’s retrieval of the subject matter and the treatment in the case that the buyer has payed the price in the ownership reservation sales contracts are fairer and more reasonable than those in the Provisions(II)of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues concerning the Application of the Enterprise Bankruptcy Law,hence the Bankruptcy Law should be amended accordingly.