大正时期日本民主运动的发展及其影响因素

在“天皇机关说”与“民本主义”的理论指导下,大正民主运动向藩阀专制发起前所未有的攻击,提出了“拥护宪政”的口号。以“大正政变”为起点的反对专制主义和扩军备战的群众运动,揭开了大正民主运动的序幕。由于大正天皇对政治体制的控制相对宽松,在资产阶级民主派的推动下,民主自由思想迅速传播开来,青年运动、学生运动、工农运动等相继而起,打破了藩阀势力独占政治阵地的局面。大正民主运动作为日本资产阶级民主派登上政治舞台的第一次表演,从实现“建立政党内阁”与“推行普选制度”两大政治课题的方面来说,它是具有划时代意义的历史事件。但是,由于资产阶级民主派本身的软弱性和客观条件的限制,“护宪三派”组成的政党内阁未能对枢密院、贵族院、军部等特权机构进行实质性的改革,日本仍旧在天皇制军国主义的压迫之下,民主革命的任务并没有完成。

The Japanese Democratic Movement and Its Influence During the Early Postwar Period

With the guidance of “Mikado Organ Thought” and “People-centered theory”, the Taisho democratic movement launched a violent attack on the feudatory autocracy, advancing the slogan of “upholding constitutional government”. Starting with the Taisho coup, the mass movement aimed to oppose autocracy, arms expansion and war preparations, ushering in the beginning of democratic movement. Thanks to the emperor’s loose control of the political system, the democratic ideas were soon spread with the impetus of democratic bourgeoisie. The appearance of the movements in succession by the youth, students, workers and farmers broke the feudatory autocracy in the political arena. The Taisho democratic movement was the first time for the Japanese Bourgeoisie to ascend the political arena and it is an epoch-making historical event in terms of the establishment of party cabinet and the practicing of general election. However, because of the weakness of Japanese democratic bourgeoisie and the objective restrictions, the cabinet composed by the three parties did not make any substantial reform on the privileged organs such as privy council, house of lords and the military ministry. Japan was still ruled by the militarism, leaving the democratic movement unfinished.