古巴比伦法典与秦汉法典比较:私有奴隶制和国家公有奴隶制

通过对古巴比伦法典和秦汉法典的分析,发现古巴比伦国家处于奴隶社会的早期阶段———家庭私有奴隶制阶段,其奴隶基本上来自外族和债务,国家对本族奴隶的数量要求不大,法律处死罪犯而不是沦为奴隶,无株连罪犯亲属为奴隶法。秦汉国家处于奴隶社会的高级阶段———国家公有奴隶制阶段:除了公民家庭使用私有奴隶外,奴隶制帝国还大量使用公有国家奴隶。国家奴隶来源部分为战俘,更多的是帝国刑法将犯有不同程度罪行的公民沦为不同级别的国家奴隶,没有像巴比伦那样大批处死罪人。为了防止奴隶逃亡,两河流域和中华文明奴隶社会都通过发型和肉刑给奴隶打上识别记号。秦汉国家的严酷的奴隶制法律加强了国家和君主的权力,获得大量的最低成本劳动力,由此可能开展大规模的国家水利工程和征服战争。

The Private Slavery System in the Babylonian Law Code and the State Slavery One in the Qin -Han Code

From the Old Babylonian Law Code and those of the Qin-Han dynasties,we learn that the slavery system in the former was the private one: the earlier period of the slavery society,but that of the later was the state one: the last period of the society.In Babylon,the state did not need the large number of slaves so that the laws imposed the death penalty on many criminals,but in Qin-Han period of China,apart from the foreign captive slaves,the laws imposed the various types of slavery on criminals to increase the number of the state and emperors.In order to prevent the escape of slaves,both civilizations made the special hairstyles for slaves.The slavery laws strengthened the power of the empire and emperors and presented the states numerous cheapest labors,so that the states could develop the state irrigation and other large scales of projects and win wars.