Discrepancy as a cue to actual and perceived deception

Discrepancy between information emitted by face and speech was examined in three modes of communication: truth, concealment, and deception. It was found that communications designed either to conceal or distort the truth (concealment and deception modes) appeared more discrepant than communications that revealed the truth, particularly when full speech rather than filtered speech was presented. In addition, there were weak but consistently positive correlations between discrepancy and judgment of concealment and deception. That is, senders who appeared more discrepant were more likely to be judged as concealing or distorting information, regardless of the mode in which they had actually communicated.