正义是什么:效用、公平、权利还是美德

在人类思想史上,正义或公正这个范畴占有非常重要的地位。功利主义者认为正义是效用,罗尔斯认为正义是公平,诺齐克认为正义是个人权利,麦金太尔认为正义是美德。其实正义是属人的,是在人类实践过程中不断生成、变化和更新的。在现代,必须从哲学层面升华正义理论,超越单纯的效用、公平、权利以及传统美德的视野,把人与人的生活意义、人的全面发展与社会关系的和谐完善作为正义理论的主题,并把关注弱者生存权利与约束强者权力意志的正义原则贯注于现实的生活实践。

What is Justice: Efficiency, Equity, Right or Virtue

In the history of human ideas, the category of justice or equity occupies a significant status. Utilitarianists hold justice is efficiency, Rawls thinks justice is equity, Nozick considers justice is the right of individuals, and in Macintyre justice is just the virtue. But in essence, justice belongs to human beings. It is gradually produced, transformed and renewed in the process of human practice. In modern time, it is necessary to sublime the theory of justice from the latitude of philosophy by focusing on human beings and their life meaning, the full development and harmonious social relationship of people, and putting the principle of right of concerning the weak's existence and restricting the will power of the strong into realistic life practice, which transcends a simple philosophical view of efficiency, equity, right and traditional virtue.