从先验逻辑到符号形式：卡西尔的认识论转向

卡西尔早期的认识论思想囿于康德哲学和新康德主义的理论框架内，将“科学事实”作为认识批判的出发点和最终所与。通过对康德“理性批判”建构术的改造和扬弃，卡西尔的认识论思想历经从“发生学”认识论和“符号”认识论的演变。他将神话、语言、科学视为人类活动所创造的不同符号形式，提出一切概念认识都必须基于最原始层次的神话世界，突出表现于自然语言，终点是理论科学。由此，卡西尔不仅将认识论的论域拓展到人文科学诸领域，更重要的是推进了认识反思的层次，并为其寻找到新的基础和起点。这是对自己早期认识论思想进行的修正，也是卡西尔的符号形式哲学与传统的康德和新康德主义最本质的差别。卡西尔认识论的转向是继康德之后哲学认识论的一个重大突破。卡西尔以“符号”整合自然科学和人文科学，从人类文化整体观来把握理性，探索人的本性。卡西尔哲学思想所具有的高度包容力和开放性，为现代西方哲学走出理论困境开辟了更为宽广的道路。

From Transcendental Logic to Symbolic Form:Cassirer's Epistemological Turn

Cassirer's early epistemological thought is confined to the theoretical framework of Kantian philosophy and neo-Kantianism,taking "scientific facts" as the starting point and the final point of cognitive criticism.Through the reconstruction and sublation of Kant's construction technique of "critique of reason",Cassirer's epistemology has undergone the evolution from the epistemology of "genetic" to the epistemology of "symbol".He regarded myth,language and science as different forms of symbol created by human activities,and proposed that all conceptual understanding must be based on the mythological world at the most primitive level,which is highlighted in natural language and ended in theoretical science.Thus,Cassirer not only extended the field of epistemology to the fields of humanities,but more importantly promoted the level of cognitive reflection and found a new foundation and starting point for it.This is a revision of his early epistemological thought,and it is also the most essential difference between Cassirer's Philosophy of Symbolic Forms and traditional Kant and Neo-Kantianism.The turn of Cassirer's epistemology is a major breakthrough in philosophical epistemology after Kant.Cassirer integrates natural science and humanities with "symbol",grasps rationality and explores human nature from the view of human culture as a whole.The high tolerance and openness of Cassirer's philosophy has opened up a broader way for modern Western philosophy to get out of the theoretical dilemma.