论环境权的主体——对主流学说的检视和修正

环境权是一项以享用良好环境为核心内容的新型权利,其权利主体主要为当代的自然人。不过，为防范当代人合谋滥用环境资源而造成代际的环境污染和生态破坏，也应赋予后代人有限的主体资格。单位不是环境权的主体，尽管某些单位的生产、经营活动确实需要以良好的环境作为外在条件，但单位本身并无享用良好环境的内在需求；再者，良好的环境条件也可以通过生产经营权、自然资源权等其他制度工具来保护和实现，没有必要画蛇添足赋予其环境权。国家不是环境权的主体，而是宪法上基本环境权的义务主体，但在国际法层面，国家不仅享有对本国环境资源的主权，还可以成为该国公民环境权的受托主体,通过国家主权和环境权信托两种方式来维护本国公民的环境权益。人类可以但没有必要成为环境权主体。自然体不能也没有必要赋予环境权主体资格。

On the Subject of Environmental Right:Review and Revision of the Mainstream Theory

Environmental right is a new type of right whose core content is to enjoy a good environment,and the subject of it mainly is the contemporary natural person.However,in order to prevent contemporary people from conspiring to abuse environmental resources and cause intergenerational environmental pollution and destruction,future generations should also be given limited subject qualifications.A unit is not the subject of environmental rights.Although the production and business activities of some units do need a good environment as an external condition,the unit itself does not have the internal demand to enjoy a good environment;moreover,good environmental conditions can also be protected and realized through other institutional tools such as production and management rights and natural resources rights,so there is no need to give units environmental rights.A state is not the subject of the environmental right,but the obligation subject of the basic environmental right in the constitution.However,at the level of international law,the state not only enjoys the sovereignty over its own environmental resources,but also can become the trustee of its citizens' environmental rights to safeguard the environmental rights and interests of its citizens through national sovereignty and environmental rights trust.Human beings can,but not necessarily become the subject of environmental rights.A natural body cannot and does not need to be entitled to the qualification of the subject of environmental right.