清前期归化城土默特地区土地所有权状况——基于清前期蒙垦政策的考察

清前期，由于统治者实行了比较宽松的蒙垦政策，归化城土默特地区的土地被大量官垦，其地权关系也开始产生变化，主要体现在：归化城土默特地区土地所有权为国有化的前提下，统治者为了自身利益，开始对归化城土默特地区进行官垦，导致该地区的土地使用权产生分化。在官地内，国有化的所有权对其使用权起支配作用，使得所有权分属于代表国家利益的不同集团。就公地使用权而言，最初只归蒙丁所有，但是窘迫的生活处境加之宽放的蒙垦政策，蒙丁开始把户口地的使用权转租给汉人。这种被“转让”的土地使用权，实际是国家默认状态下的蒙丁对户口地的次级所有权，土地私有制的萌芽开始在蒙古地区出现。

On the Land Ownership in Tum et Guihua City in Early Qing Dynasty--An Investigation into the Policy of Mongolian Land Cultivationin in Early Qing Dynasty

Due to the lenient policy of Mongolian land cultivation, large amount of lands in Turn et areas Guihua City were cultivated by the government and then the land ownership changed. In the premise of land ownership nationalization, for their own interests, the rulers began to cultivate the lands in Turn et areas, which led to the divisive landuse rights in this region. For the state - owned lands, the nationalized ownership dominated the right of use, thus the ownerships belonged to different groups on behalf of national interests. The rights to use the public lands originally belonged to the Mongolian soldiers, but were transferred to Hans gradually, thus began the private ownership of land in Mongolian areas.