权利:社会契约论的正义原则

近代西方社会在宪政的正义原则问题上曾经有过一场十分激烈的争论。宗教改革运动以来,君权神授观念遭受到摧毁性的冲击而失去其作为法律正义性的基础。霍布斯分辨出人的两种存在状态(即自然状态和社会状态),并在人的自然权利中寻找法律的正义性基础,进而提出他的社会契约论。洛克则认为,在自然权利中存在着不可交换的基本权利,即财产权和人身自主权。正义原则在于人的基本权利。洛克给出的基本权利虽然在逻辑上是武断的,但引起了当时政界的共鸣。卢梭争辩说,基本权利是契约者能够进行契约和解除契约的那种权利;这便是人权。这场持续百年的争论,洛克的基本权利观念和卢梭的基本人权概念成了西方思想界的主导性正义概念,并以此作为宪政基础。

Right:The Justice Principle of Social Contract

As we know,after the Reformation of religion,the medieval conception of the divine right of kings was seriously damaged and could not serve as to justify political powers.Hobbes distinguished two states of human existence,that is,the natural state and civic state,and endeavored to search for the foundation of justification in political power in the natural state of human existence,which resulted in the theory of social contract.Locke,following Hobbes\' thinking,identified two basic rights(private ownership ...