西方解释学的历史演进及其最新发展

施莱尔马赫把解释学引进哲学,使解释学成为一种普遍的解释工具和方法论,其缺陷在于忽略了理解内容中所包含的真理,把理解活动看作原作者意图的重构,看作一种客观的静止的认识活动,从而陷入笛卡尔式的二元对立之中。狄尔泰认为精神科学共同建立在人内心的体验的基础上,因而比自然科学更有理由成为一种科学,解释是我们把握精神世界的必要程序和方法;但他天真地抱有历史客观主义的想法,忘记了理解精神客观化存在的人本身的历史性,成为一种秘密的实证主义。海德格尔使解释学经历了一场真正的本体论转向,他认为人的本质就是生存,生存中必有领会,此在具有前理解和解释学循环的生存论结构。伽达默尔在海德格尔的基础上进一步总结了哲学解释学的基本特征,形成了作为本体论的哲学解释学。伽达默尔之后,哈贝马斯进一步发展了解释学理论,形成了一种批判解释学或者叫做深层解释学。

The Historical Evolution and Latest Development of Western Hermeneutics

Schleiermacher introduces Hermeneutics into philosophy and turns Hermeneutics into a general interpretive tool and method,but it has its defect:it ignores the truth contained in the text to be comprehended and considers the comprehension activity as the reconstruction of the intention of the author,a kind of objective and static cognitive activity,which degenerates into the binary opposition of Descartes.Dilthey believes that spiritual science,based on human inner experience,better bears the name of science than natural science,so Hermeneutics is a necessary process and method by which we grasp the spiritual world.But the innocent adoption of Historical Objectivism,ignoring the historicity of a spiritually objectified man will lead to a clandestine positivism.Heidegger leads Hermeneutics to an ontological turn and he believes that the nature of man is existence which contains comprehension.Dasein possesses the existential structure of pre-understanding and hermeneutic cycle.Based on the thought of Heideger,Gadamer further summarizes the characteristics of philosophical Hermeneutics,which results in its becoming a kind of ontology.After Gadamer,Habermas develops hermeneutic theory,leading to a critical Hermeneutics or so-called Deep Hermeneutics.