推定:事实真伪不明困境克服之优位选择

事实真伪不明困境的出现,是民事裁判者事实认定过程中不可回避的一种必然。学界普遍认为,克服该困境之正当手段是适用证明责任规则,但非依托于客观真实的该规则的适用,无法最大程度上满足民众对于实质公正价值的诉求,故其应为困境克服之"最后一根救命稻草"。作为事实认定特殊方法的推定,本质上是一种价值因素支配下对于基础事实和推定事实之间或然性常态联系的择优选择,具有哲学、逻辑学和法理上的合理性与正当性,较之证明责任规则应为困境克服之优位选择。然而,推定是一把双刃剑,其优位适用须满足特定条件,否则可能导致逻辑推理旗帜下的反逻辑灾难。

Presumption:A Better Choice for Overcoming Plight of Non Liquet of Fact

The plight of non liquet of fact cannot be avoided in the process of finding facts on the part of civil judges.Scholars generally believe that the best means to overcome the plight is to apply the rule of burden of proof.However,the application of the rule not based on the truth could not meet,to the greatest extent,the demand of the public for substantive justice.Therefore,the paper argues that the application of the rule of burden of proof should be "the last straw" for overcoming the said plight.Presumption,which in essence is a choice of picking out the best from the probable contact between basic fact and presumptive fact based on value consideration,has the rationality and legitimacy in terms of philosophy,logic and law,and should be a better choice for overcoming the said plight.Nonetheless,presumption is a doubleedged sword,whose superiority over the rule of burden of proof depends on specific conditions.Otherwise,the application of presumption in overcome the said plight might result in antilogic conclusions in the name of logic reasoning.