从意向现象学到生存现象学——胡塞尔与海德格尔的现象学之差异

胡塞尔的现象学把意识看作是最核心的课题加以研究,他求助于先验意识的主体来看待这个世界,希望意识也能像数学那样显现出缜密的科学性。胡塞尔的视域构成突破了二元建构的认识论思维模式,力图建立一种原初意识的本体论,但是由于这种意向性和视域构成是建立在先验意识和超验主观性的基础之上的,就难免有绝对主观主义的嫌疑。海德格尔正是抓住胡塞尔的这一弱点,把意蕴和世界的展开建基于生存,而非超验的意识之上。为了与胡塞尔的“意向性”相区别,海德格尔提出了“操劳”这一概念,它指的是日常在世的我们与世界内的存在者打交道。

From Intentional Phenomenology to Existential Phenomenology——Difference of Phenomenology between Husserl and Heidegger

Husserl looks upon consciousness as the most central subject of phenomenological study.He turns to the subject of transcendental consciousness to treat the world,hoping consciousness can be as meticulous as mathematics.Horizon Constituent of Husserl is a breakthrough of the dual mode of thinking in Epistemology, attempting to create the ontology of primary consciousness.However,Husserl's Intention and Horizon Constituent are based on his transcendental consciousness and transcendental subjectivity,inevitably,leading to the suspects of absolute subjectivity.This weakness of Husserl is found by Heidegger,who tries to base sense and the deployment of the world on existence,instead of transcendental consciousness.To distinguish from Husserl's "intention",Heidegger puts forward the concept of "care",which means we in the everyday life communicate with existence inside and amid the world.Heidegger's Existential Phenomenology is the possibility of existence,rather than the concept of it,which leads to the fixation of existence.