论汉代“不奉诏”的类型及其内涵

“不奉诏”乃至于“奉诏不谨”是汉代的政治罪名,但在政治运作中,“不奉诏”却有着实际上的生存空间。“不奉诏”可以划分为“军中权宜”、“拒绝任命与赐予”、“为国持正”、“政令失御”等四种类型。它们各有其特定的内涵与社会意义,特别是其中的“为国持正”型更应该引起我们的关注。关键的问题在于:当皇帝的意旨明显有失误的时候,朝臣的异议能否得到事实上的合法存在权。古代“开明政治”的标志之一,就是当政者对“异议”有较高的宽容度。

The Types and Meanings of "Disobeying the Imperial Edict" in Han Dynasty

Although"disobeying the imperial edict"(bu feng zhao) or"obeying the imperial edict unscrupulously"(feng zhao bu jin) is a political accusation in Han Dynasty,it is a kind of political practice.It can be classified into four types:"obeying the imperial edict flexibly in military affairs","rejecting the imperial appointment and reward","disobeying the imperial edict for justice and interests of the state",and "failure to execute the government orders".These four types have different specific meanings and social significances,especially "disobeying the imperial edict for justice and interests of the state" deserves our more attention.The pivotal point is:whether the courtiers have legal rights to object the imperial orders when the emperor is obviously wrong.In the ancient times,one of symbols of the"enlightened politics"is that the ruler has broad-mind to tolerate objection from officials and subjects.