欧美公务员分类制度的基本特征及其历史演变

近现代公务员制度建立以后,尽管西方国家解决了选官中“恩赐制”和“政党分肥制”所带来的种种弊端,把住了公务员“入口”这一关键的环节。但是,如何科学地对公务员进行分类管理,仍然是当时西方国家所面临的重要问题。经过近两个世纪的实践,西方国家逐渐形成了两种具有典型类型特征的分类制度：即以英国为代表的“品位分类”制度和以美国为代表的“职位分类”制度。与此同时,也出现了以法国为代表的将“品位分类”与“职位分类”结合起来的第三种分类模式。

The Fundamental Features and Historical Evolution of Classification System of Civil Servants in Europe and America

After establishment of the Civil Service in modern western countries, they resolved problems with "Patronage" and"Spoils System" in selecting government officials in the past. Nonetheless, how to scientifically and efficiently manage civil servants is still one of important questions in western countries. Through evolution of two censeries, they gradually formed two classification types: "Rank - in -- the - Person" in Britain and "Rank - in - the Position" in the United States. At the same time, there is another classification type: a combination of "Rank - in - the- Person" and "Rank- in - the Pastion", in France.