All Smiles are Not Created Equal: Morphology and Timing of Smiles Perceived as Amused, Polite, and Embarrassed/Nervous |
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Authors: | Zara Ambadar Jeffrey F Cohn Lawrence Ian Reed |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 4323 Sennott Square, 210 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA |
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Abstract: | We investigated the correspondence between perceived meanings of smiles and their morphological and dynamic characteristics.
Morphological characteristics included co-activation of Orbicularis oculi (AU 6), smile controls, mouth opening, amplitude, and asymmetry of amplitude. Dynamic characteristics included duration,
onset and offset velocity, asymmetry of velocity, and head movements. Smile characteristics were measured using the Facial
Action Coding System (Ekman et al. 2002) and Automated Facial Image Analysis (Cohn and Kanade 2007). Observers judged 122 smiles as amused, embarrassed, nervous, polite, or other. Fifty-three smiles met criteria for classification as perceived amused, embarrassed/nervous, or polite. In comparison with
perceived polite, perceived amused more often included AU 6, open mouth, smile controls, larger amplitude, larger maximum
onset and offset velocity, and longer duration. In comparison with perceived embarrassed/nervous, perceived amused more often
included AU 6, lower maximum offset velocity, and smaller forward head pitch. In comparison with perceived polite, perceived
embarrassed/nervous more often included mouth opening and smile controls, larger amplitude, and greater forward head pitch.
Occurrence of the AU 6 in perceived embarrassed/nervous and polite smiles questions the assumption that AU 6 with a smile
is sufficient to communicate felt enjoyment. By comparing three perceptually distinct types of smiles, we found that perceived
smile meanings were related to specific variation in smile morphological and dynamic characteristics.
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Keywords: | Dynamic characteristics Morphological characteristics Smile interpretation FACS Automatic facial image analysis |
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