科举、商品化与社会平等:清代广西土司社会的“文明化”

本文探讨了清代中央王朝在广西土司地区推行科举以及该地方社会因应这一政策而逐步“文明化”的过程。文章首先描述了广西土司地区依据土地的占有与使用而建构起来的社会结构与身份体系，继而梳理了清初以来中央王朝在该地区推行科举的历史进程，并说明清政府的科举政策如何与地方社会进行互动，进一步导致了土司社会的重构。在此基础上，本文利用地方文书材料，探讨了地方社会群体如何通过商品化手段转变身份，进而追求社会平等与自由的“文明化”过程。

From "Rationgality vs Non(Anti)-rationality" to "Re-flection vs Self-refutation": The Transformation of Paradigms of diagnosing the difficulties of Modernity in Social Theory

In the history of social theory, there are three paradigms of diagnosing the difficulties of modernity: rationalism, historicism and postmodernism. All above paradigms think that it is the conflictive relation of rationality and non-rationality or anti-rationality results in all difficulties of modernity, so they can be reduced to a general paradigm: rationality vs un-rationality or anti-rationality. At the end of 20 th century, some social theorists put forward a new paradigm: reflection vs self-refutation. From the paradigm, we can discover that paradox is inherent of rationality and it is this paradox that makes rationality be the creator of modernity on the one hand and be the cause of modern risk society on the other hand.