《法国民法典》中的特留份制度研究——兼评对我国建立特留份制度的启示

特留份制度是继承法中的一项重要制度，起源于罗马法上的遗嘱逆伦诉和日耳曼法上对遗产进行自由份与特留份的划分，具有对遗嘱自由原则进行合理限制的独特价值和功能。《法国民法典》在继承日耳曼法上对遗产进行自由份和特留份的划分基础上，构建了较为完善的特留份制度，主要表现在详细规定了特留份份额的确定、特留份继承人及其顺序和特留份扣减等方面。我国现行的《中华人民共和国继承法》（以下简称《继承法》）没有特留份制度，仅规定了给缺乏劳动能力又没有生活来源的继承人保留必要遗产份额的必留份制度。基于必留份制度与特留份制度在价值基础和适用范围等方面的差异性，我国在将来修改继承法的过程中，应当在改进现有的必继份制度的同时构建特留份制度，而《法国民法典》上的特留份制度在坚持原则性同时兼顾灵活性和具有可操作性的特点对此有一定的启示意义。

Analysis of Forced Heirship System in French Civil Code Reviewing Significance to Building Forced Heirship System in China

Forced heirship is an important system in succession, originating from the querela inofficiosi tes- tament in Roman law and la reserve hereditaire quotite disposable in the Germanic law. It has a unique value and function to reasonable limiting testamentary freedom principle. The French civil code built on a more per- fect forced heirship system on the basis of Germanic law, mainly displaying in the detailed rules in the deter- mination of a share, the successors and their order and the right of deduction. The current inheritance law in our China does not regulate forced heirship system and only regulates that a necessary share of the estate should be provided for a successor who can neither work nor has a source of income. Based on the differences in value basis and scope of application between forced heirship system and necessary share of the estate system, we should improve necessary share of the estate system and build forced heirship system in the process of amending inheritance law. And the principle, flexibility and operable characteristics in forced heirship system of French civil code have a certain significance to this.