黑地·病地·失地 —滇池小村的地志与斯科特进路的问题

文章是关于一个农民社区的地志（topography）。文中描述了滇池东岸的一个村庄——小村过去50年的景观变迁。半个世纪以来，小村农民在与地方环境及政府周旋和协力中，改变或制造村落景观。农民与政府协力的共同背景是发展主义知识话语。从这个意义上说，农民整体上并不坚持所谓“传统”。这种“不坚持”更由于政治和经济的制度条件等所强化。此外，农民需要从这些政治的和经济的生态性约束中获得更多的土地、水利、粮食和能降低生存风险的空间。因此他们在很多时候，比国家在推进“现代化”时更激进。如搞条田化放弃耕地和拆老房子盖新楼等。在当代，发展主义已经是一种“核心价值”。这种价值已经为国家和农民所共享。用赫茨菲尔德的话来说这也许是“狡猾的计划制定者和科学家们的地方性知识，因此他们已经促使众多公民和众多国家为他们的‘愿景’而骄傲”。与此相关，农业生产方式与国家现代化项目之间没有张力。这种共度性（commensurability）一方面提供了快速城市化和经济高速增长的内在动因，另一方面，如果从当代的环境主义（environmentalism）角度去看，则会发现国家与农民的“协力发展”是导致今天滇池地区生态恶化的主要原因之一。

Black Land, Sick Land and Lost Land:The Topography of a Yunnan Village and a Critique of Scott

The paper, from the topographic approach, provides an account of the social change of Xiaocun village in Yunnan since the early twentieth century. The paper describes the facets concerning the landscapes, that is, in particular land use, linking these factors to the historical contexts. For a century, the villagers, have being dwelled in the local environment, while changing Or creating the village landscape. The farmers and the government have facilitated the developmentalism as a common doctrine. In this sense, the farmers on the whole do not adhere to the so-called ＂tradition.＂ This kind of attitudes are enhanced due to the political and economic conditions. The farmers need to gain more land, water, food and living space from the political and economic constraints. In many cases, they appeared to be more radical than that of the modernity-oriented state. This, perhaps, is a result of what Michael Herzfeld called ＂the local knowledge ＇the ＇intel- lectual traditions＇ and poniria of those cunning planners and scientists who have managed to persuade so many citizens of so many countries to honor them for their ＇vision＇ ＂.