产权经济学视角下我国农村土地产权结构问题研究

随着经济体制的转型,我国城乡经济发展进入新的阶段,农村土地制度存在的矛盾也不断显露出来,继续深化农村土地制度改革成了理论界讨论的热点问题。过去那种把改革重点放在农村土地所有制上(绝对公有或绝对私有)的传统思路很难使我国农村土地制度改革走出困境。目前我国土地产权结构上主要存在三个问题:农村土地产权在政府、集体和农户之间分割配置不合理;农村土地产权主体不明、产权关系界定不清晰;农村土地产权结构难以根据社会经济发展进行动态优化。在新的发展阶段,我国农村土地制度改革应该根据现代产权经济学理论的新发展,从抽象地规定土地所有制转向具体地分割和配置农村土地产权,设计最优的产权结构,主要包括四个步骤:第一,实施农村土地的产权分割。即确立国家和农户作为农村土地的产权主体,并在它们之间详细分割土地产权,明确"所有者保留的产权束"和"使用者可获得的产权束"。第二,实施农村土地的产权流转。即在不改变土地用途的前提下,停止农村土地不定期的行政性调整方式,建立起农户之间土地使用权市场化、常态化的流转制度和机制。第三,实施农村土地的产权交易。即在明确土地产权关系的基础上,按照国家对土地的总体规划和调控目标,实现城乡之间、农用地与非农用地之间市场化的土地产权交易,消除城乡二元土地制度。第四,促进农村土地的产权组合。即在明确农户土地产权和农户自愿的基础上,进行土地产权的组合,重建新型集体经济组织,引导农户走合作化道路。

An Analysis on China' s Rural Land Property Rights Structure Issue from the Perspective of Property Right Economics

Along with the transformation of economic system,China's urban and rural economies have entered a new development stage.However,the contradiction existed in rural land system constantly exposes and further rural land system reform has become a hot issue discussed by the theory circle.The traditional ideas that focus on rural land ownership(absolute public or absolute private) make it difficult for China's rural land system reform to walk out of predicament.At the new stage,China's rural land system reform should be based on the new development of modern theory of property right economics,change from formulating land ownership Abstractly to partitioning or allocating rural land property rights specifically and designing optimized property rights structure of rural land.This paper analyzes the problems existed in China's current rural land property rights structure and puts forward new thinking to optimize China's rural land property rights structure.