天界与冥界:汉魏晋南北朝死后世界的想象及图像

战国楚墓帛画人物形象兼具巫觋与墓主双重角色,是汉代关于死后世界想象和图像出现的先导。汉墓帛画描绘天象与天府(太一主神)组合的天界图像,汉墓壁画、画像石描绘天象与仙界(西王母主神)组合的天界图像;汉代冥官系统复杂,但缺少冥界图像。魏晋十六国时期,河西墓葬照墙与墓室覆斗顶四坡描绘西王母与东王公共同主宰的天界图像,天象图像较少出现。南北朝时期,孝子高士与渐趋科学的天象认识组成的天界想象出现。对天界的无限向往与对冥界的极端回避是汉魏晋南北朝中国人关于死后世界想象的基本原则。

Heaven and Underworld:Imagination and Images of the World after Death in Han,Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties

The silk painting figures found in Chu tombs of the Warring States Period represent both the tomb owner and a kind of witch,which is the forerunner of the imagination and images of the world after death in the Han Dynasty.The silk paintings of the Han tombs depict the heavenly images of the combination of celestial phenomena and heaven(Lord God Taiyi),and the murals and stone paintings of the Han tombs depict the heavenly images of the combination of celestial phenomena and the world of immortals(Lord God Queen Mother of the West).There is no image of the underworld,although the official system of the underworld in the Han Dynasty is complex.In the period of Wei,Jin and Sixteen Kingdoms,The screen wall and four slopes of the roof of the tomb of Wei,Jin and Sixteen States period found in Hexi depict the image of the world of immortals dominated by the West Queen Mother and the East King.But there are few images of the celestial phenomena.During the Southern and Northern Dynasties,the imagination of heaven consisted of filial sons,eminent people and the increasingly scientific celestial phenomena appeared.Infinite yearning for the heaven and extreme avoidance of the underworld are the basic principles of Chinese imagination of the world after death in the period of Han,Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties.