明代官员进谏模式及其特点

明代官员敢言之风盛行,在传统"五谏"说的基础上,明代官员主要采取婉言讽谏、敢言直谏、犯颜强谏的方式进谏.其中,官员在婉言讽谏时,又往往借灾异、古训、先贤、祖制、史官以及自劾不职等方式进行.明代官员的进谏实践,进一步丰富了中国古代的进谏理论.与前代相比,群体性的直谏、强谏成为明代官员进谏的显著特点.明代虽谏无专官,由言官掌言责,但进谏的官员不限于言官,层面广泛,进谏风气浓厚,且传统的进谏戒律多被打破.明代官员的进谏模式及其特色,从一个侧面说明了明代文官集团的成长.以及士大夫为维持士人政治所进行的抗争和努力.但进谏官员多下场悲惨,反映了士大夫政治在膨胀皇权的挤压下日薄西山的态势.从历史的发展来看,明代官员在进谏方面的努力,可视为中国古代士人政治的挽歌.

The Model and Characteristic of Officials' Admonish in the Ming Dynasty

The officials were famous for their admonition in the Ming Dynasty. When they expostulated with emperor,many skills were used such as depending on disaster,old maxim,sage,ancesteors' system,etc. The admonishing practice of many officials enriched the admonition theory in ancient China. Comparing with the former Dynasty,the remarkable characteristic was group admonition in the Ming Dynasty. The officals could expostulate not only supervisors but also other officials. Many traditional discipline were broken. ...