没有历史的民族志——从马凌诺斯基出发

马凌诺斯基被认为是现代民族志方法的奠基人。今天,严格意义上的民族志仍然遵循马氏的基本准则。后现代主义的人类学对人类学家的自我身份及其专业实践进行了深刻反思,而功能主义人类学也在后继者那里得到了修正,但是,现场的主客互动依旧是民族志研究方法的核心特征。在人类学走进文明社会后,文献成为田野作业里重要的补充。不过,笔者认为,其实只有田野研究中对于文献的利用,不存在所谓"走进历史田野"之说,历史民族志仅仅是文献而已,其现场感是"别人的",并非使用这份民族志的人的,而作为当事人的作者没有将其当成"历史民族志";真正的民族志是要有主—客面对面互动的、有切实的伦理问题的。

An Ethnography without History:Reflections on Malinowski and the successors

Malinowski is well known as the founder of modern ethnography.Nowadays,ethnography in the strict sense still follows the basic guidelines proposed by Malinowski,and the face-to-face interaction on the spot is still the core feature of ethnographic method,despite the post-modern reflections of anthropologists’ self-identity and professional practice,and the successors’ modifications of the functionalist anthropology.With increasing studies on civilized societies in anthropology,documents have become an important complement for fieldwork.In the authors’ view,however,there is only the use of historical documents in fieldwork,but no so-called "doing fieldwork in the past".Historical ethnography is just literature,and its on-spot sense only belongs to the original author,who never regarded it as "historical ethnography";the real ethnography requires face-to-face interactions and has substantial ethical issues.