从“谁来养活中国”到“怎样养活中国” ———粮食属性、AB 模式与发展主义时代的食物主权

粮食并非经济学视角下的单一商品,而是具有多种属性,并由此带来它的三大国家安全功能——粮食安全、食品安全和食物主权。然而,在当前以发展为主义的时代,粮食属性逐渐被单一化,农业多种功能不断丧失,形成了一个以产业化、规模化、标准化为特征,贯彻"为钱而生产"这一资本逻辑的农业与食物体系(A模式)。A模式缓解了"谁来养活中国"这样的数量安全问题,带来了"怎样养活中国"的食品安全与食物主权问题。作为替代角色,意图寻回粮食多种属性、农业多种功能,遵循"为生活而生产"这一生命逻辑的B模式正在形成。AB模式之间有战争,有融合,正在双轨运行之中。需要在这一重大变革中采取有利于实现食物主权,促进人类可持续进程的行动。

From Who Will Feed China to How to Feed China——Food Properties,Model A and B of Food System and Food Sovereignty of the Development Era

Food is not a single commodity while with a variety of properties.In this paper,a necessity for living,strategic materials and national public goods are the three social properties of food.It also is a quasi-natural goods,private goods and quasi-public goods,they are the three economic properties of food.The three consumption properties of food are search goods,experience goods and trust goods.So many properties make food the only product with food security,food safety and food sovereignty which are the three functions concerning national security.However,food with its underlying agriculture and food system encountered developmentalism,agriculture had to compete with industries and service sector,agriculture has a universal decline as the continual loss of labor,capital,land and other production factors.Agriculture lost versatility after food is simplified to a commodity and the agriculture and food system(model A) formed which is characterized by industrialization,large-scale and standardized,the commercial logical of it is production is "food for money".Concomitant with this,when the number security of "Who will feed China" is relieved,the food safety and food sovereignty of "How to feed China" become the main theme.As an alternative role,an agriculture and food system with the logic of "food for life",namely,production for life is forming,it intends to recover the multiple properties of food and the multifunction of agriculture.Between model A and B there are confrontation and amalgamation,they are double-track running.On the crossroads of agriculture and food system,everyone is a switchman.Understanding of major changes in agriculture and food system can promote individuals,nations and international actors to take actions which are beneficial to the realization of the food sovereignty and sustainability of humanbeings.