中国古代宰相制度的演变及其实质分析

秦朝正式确立宰相制度。两汉时尚书台职权大增 ,逐渐取代三公。魏晋南北朝时 ,三省制初步形成 ,经隋朝的发展 ,在唐初走向了成熟。经五代十国至北宋 ,二府三司制最终确立。元朝实行中书省一省制。明初废丞相 ,不久设内阁辅政。明清内阁有名无实。宰相制度演变具有内朝官向外朝官转化、不断压抑相权以加强皇权、职位的设置由实位转向虚位、分权后又注重事权的相对集中的特点。宰相制度演变的原因在于 :君权与相权的矛盾 ;各种政治力量的变化 ;客观环境的变化

Evolvement of System of Prime Minister in Ancient China and Its Essential Analysis

System of prime minister was established formally in the Qin dynasty. Function of the head secretariat minister office added and replaced the Three Councilor of State in Western and Eastern Han dynasties little by little .The system of three ministries was formed preliminarily in the Wei- Qin Southern and Northern Dynasties, developed by the Sui Dynasty, and fledged in the early Tang Dynasty. From Five Dynasties and Ten States to the Northern Song Dynasty, the system of the two government offices and three departments were established ultimately. The only one secretariat system was brought into effect in the Yuan Dynasty. In the early Ming Dynasty, prime minister was abolished, and cabinet was established for ancillary governing. Cabinet had only appellation but no material power in the Ming and the Qing Dynasties. Evolvement of system of prime minister turned from the palace officials into the local officials, constantly pressing prime ministers to strengthen power of emperor, installing position from material position to subjunctive position, noticing relative concentration of business and power after detach power. Evolvement of System of prime minister resulted from contradiction between power of emperor and that of prime minister, transformation of each political force, changing of objective circumstances.