市场社会中社会参与的路径问题——关系信任还是普遍信任

已有研究多数认为市场经济、社会参与有助于普遍信任的建立，“关系”则阻碍这种信任的形成。基于CGSS2005数据，本文应用结构方程模型和多层次线性模型分析了市场经济、社会参与和关系信任对普遍信任的多重影响。研究表明：以亲属信任为核心的关系信任对普遍信任具有消极影响；当社会组织成员间信任仍是一种关系信任时，社会参与对普遍信任也呈现出消极作用；市场经济发展能够提高普遍信任，但同时推动了“关系”的使用，从而使得当代中国的市场经济与普遍信任间存在着相反的双向影响。因此，在经济建设中必须进一步推动社会参与。社会参与不仅仅要关注于组织的增长，也需要在制度层面上给予“跨关系”成员交往更多的支持。

Routes for Civic Engagement in Market Society：Relationlism-Espoused Trust or Generalized Trust

In most studies, market economy and civic engagement are often considered helpful to the building of generalized trust, while “Guanxi” hinders trust formation. In contemporary China, when the development of the market economy is promoting the utilization of “Guanxi” and social participation is still expanding along relational routes, can such social participation produce generalized trust? With the CGSS2005 data, I used the structural equation modeling and multilevel linear modeling to analyze how multilevel interactions of market economy, civic engagement, and relationism espoused trust impacted generalized trust. The core variables were operationalized as follows: Market economy was measured by the provincial marketization index and civic engagement was measured by the residents’ participation frequencies in sports and exercising, cultural entertainment, social outings and education, and charity events. Relationism espoused trust included three types: kinship based trust, proximity based trust (e.g., trust for neighborhood), and people based trust (e.g., trust for fellow students, colleagues, and friends). The analysis yielded the following results: (1) relationism espoused trust, with kinship based trust as its core, had negative effects on generalized trust; (2) when members of an organization based their trust onrelationism, civic engagement had negative effects on generalized trust; and (3) the development of market economy improved generalized trust, but at the same time promoted utilization of “Guanxi,” thus resulting in bidirectional, opposing effects of market economy on generalized trust in contemporary China. Therefore, economy development must facilitate civic engagement, and civic engagement must not only focus on increasing organizational connections but also pay attention to institutional support for the interactions among non Guanxi related members.