"大跃进"时期"蚂蚁啃骨头"的机械加工方法的兴起

1958年,"大跃进"进入高潮,机械工业的发展呈现出诸多耐人寻味的现象。在当时特殊的背景下,"蚂蚁啃骨头"的机械加工方法得到了重视和推广。此加工方法涉及冷、热两大类的机械加工问题,其中"蚂蚁"主要是指所谓的"移动式"机床和"积木式"机床,而"骨头"则是指经铸、锻、焊接等方法处理后的大型工件。"蚂蚁啃骨头"的加工方法主要是依靠工人的经验所采取的一种代用的技术方法,它解决了当时机械加工行业的生产困难,但也被赋予了很强的政治色彩。这种加工方法从一个侧面反映了20世纪五六十年代中国装备制造的工业基础、技术水平,也展示出中国当代的政治、经济和文化等因素对技术发展的影响。

Research on the Technology Method of "Ants Gnawing a Bone" during the Great Leap Forward

The Technology of "ants gnawing a bone" was a special method,which boomed in machine building industry during the Great Leap Forward.It was related to some cold and hot working procedures: the so-called ants were small mobile and building block motion tools;and the bones were large workpieces that processed by foundry,forging,or weld.As a kind of substitutive technology,the method relied heavily on personal experience of mechanics rather than advanced machines.It partly overcame some difficulties in producing heavy machines despite the shortage of appropriate machines.At the same time,politics deeply colored its course.The influential technology reflected not only industrial infrastructure and technological level of equipment manufacturing,but also the context of technical development in 1950-60s' China.