从尼采到马克思： 鲁迅的思想转变

鲁迅的尼采式“反启蒙的启蒙”的个人主义具有启蒙与反启蒙的两歧性以及“排众数”与“觉民众”的内在紧张,其以“超人”为典范的“立人”理想难免带有浪漫主义审美乌托邦的虚渺。五四以后，从《娜拉走后怎样》起，鲁迅开始疏离尼采及其早年任个人、重精神的启蒙主义，并逐渐转向马克思主义。马克思的共产主义与尼采的个人主义位于现代思想光谱的左右两极,作为资本主义19世纪文明的批判者，他们都提供了各自矫正与补救现代性的方案。鲁迅是一个启蒙者和现代性批判者，他批判“至偏而伪”的资本主义19世纪文明，而冀望于20世纪新文明。当鲁迅的尼采式个人主义幻灭，马克思的共产主义提供了可替代的人类解放的新理想。

From Nietzsche to Marx: The Transition of Lu Xun's Thought

As the father of post-modernity, Nietzsche's philosophy contains double ambiguousness of Enlightenment and anti-Enlightenment, which constructs the dialectics of anti-Enlightenment. The Enlightenment thought of Lu Xun was deeply influenced by Nietzsche's philosophy and also attached with anti-Enlightenment element. Lu Xun advocated the noble radical individualism, anti-slavery ethics, and anti-model as well as anti-tradition spirits. Lu Xun also admired the ″rise above the common herd″ fortitude of Nietzsche's philosophy. However, there is a significant difference between Lu Xun and Nietzsche. Nietzsche's philosophy upholds the life philosophy consisting of absolute individualism and will of power, which, in essence, opposes politics and nation. Instead, Lu Xun adopted Nietzsche's life philosophy as Enlightenment theory, using ″building human dignity″ to establish the ″country of people″. In this way, Lu Xun's thought inevitably causes tensions between individualism and nationalism, and between life philosophy and enlightenment. Lu Xun's thought which mixs enlightenment with anti-enlightenment, modernity and post-modernity is meshed into profound paradox: On the one hand, people need ″Superman″ to enlighten; on the other hand, the emergence of ″superman″ exclude the mass people.  The paradox of Nietzschean ″anti-Enlightenment Enlightenment″ individualism of Lu Xun stems from the tension between his conflicting roles as critics of civilization and enlightener. Nietzsche's superman philosophy was a powerful weapon to China where Enlightenment Movement was seeking individual liberation. But after all, it is a post-modern critical theory. ″Superman″ is a detoxicant of slavery tradition, and contains profound critical value to improve nationality. However, ″Superman″ is aesthetic utopia rather than the model of modern citizens, which lacks practical and constructive value to foster human dignity. It is the profound paradox of Nietzschean individualism Enlightenment of Lu Xun, and also leads to Lu Xun's confusion and alienation from Nietzsche after May Fourth Movement. Because of the disillusion onNietzschean noble individualism, Lu Xun's though shift from the radicalism on Nietzschean power thought to radical Marx's wealth thought (anti-capitalist private ownership), from admiring ″superman″ to upholding ″proletarians″. From Nietzsche to Marx, the transition of Lu Xun's thought is attributed to the common ground shared by Nietzsche and Marx which is they were both critics of modernity. The communism of Marx and the individualism of Nietzsche provide two remedial proposals to correct modernity. Nietzschean's ″Superman″ is vague aesthetic utopia, whereas Marx's ″proletarians″ has the real power to reshape world. Lu Xun is a critics of modernity, he criticized the Capitalism ″19th century civilization″ full of problems and looked forward to the 20th century new civilization. When Nietzsche's Individualism of Lu Xun disillusioned, the Communism of Marxism provided an alternative new vision of human liberation.