物象化、物化与马克思的拜物教批判

考察马克思的拜物教批判，需要区分物象化一般与生产关系的物象化、物化一般与社会生产规定的物化，需要区分商品、货币和资本的拜物教性质与竖立其上的拜物教观念。生产关系的物象化是指生产关系表现为物象与物象之间的关系；社会生产规定的物化是指物在特定社会关系中获得的社会性质，表现为它作为物就具有的属性。资本的拜物教性质非常复杂，远不是生产关系的物象化和社会生产规定的物化能够透彻地说明的。拜物教观念指的是一种把物在一定的社会生产关系中获得的规定性看作物的自然属性的错认，它直接与社会生产规定的物化而不是生产关系的物象化有关。在拜物教观念的支配下，资本主义生产当事人混淆了生产的物质内容与社会形式，把资本主义生产方式抽象化、永恒化了。

Materialization,Reification and Marx's Critique of Fetishism

In the latest discussions on Marx's critical theory of fetishism, Chinese scholars gave special attention to the relationship between fetishism (Fetischismus), reification (Versachlichung) and materialization (Verdinglichung). Many scholars pointed out that we should distinguish versachlichung from verdinglichung by the differences in their root forms Sache and Ding. In German, Sache and Ding are interchangeable and have basically the same meaning, except that the former is mostly used to refer to things while the latter to objects. In Capital, Marx did not deliberately distinguish Sache from Ding, nor did he distinguish versachlichung from verdinglichung. The fetishism of commodities, money and capital stemmed from the social character of labor ″manifesting itself″ in a perverted form. To analyze Marx's Critique of Fetishism, it is necessary for us to distinguish reification in general from the reification of production relations (die Versachlichung der Produktionsverhltnisse) and to distinguish materialization in general from the materialization of the social features of production (die Verdinglichung der gesellschaftlichen Produktionsbestimmungen), because only the reification of production relations and the materialization of the social features of production are inseparable from the fetishism of commodities, money and capital. The reification of production relations means that production relations manifest themselves as a relation between things; the materialization of the social features of production refers to the social characters of objects which are obtained in particular social relations and manifest themselves as their inherent properties in objects. The fetishism of capital is so complicated that it cannot be fully explained by the reification of production relations and the materialization of the social features of production. Marx's ″fetishistic conception″ refers to a kind of ″misdeem″, regarding the formal determinations of objects which are obtained in a particular social relation of production as their inherent properties in objects. It is neither people's ″worship″ of commodities, money and capital nor the ″fetishism″ of the school of psychoanalysis. This kind of ″misdeem″ is not directly related to the reification of production relations but to the materialization of the social features of production. Under the control of the fetishistic conception, the agents of capitalist production confuse the material content and social forms of production, abstract the unique capitalist mode of production, and eternalize the historical nature of the capitalist mode of production. It is necessary for us to make a clear distinction between the fetishism of commodities, money and capital, a kind of ″social existence″, and the fetishistic conception, a kind of ″social consciousness″. It is also important to make it clear that the former lays a realistic foundation for the latter. Marx revealed the secrets of commodities, money and capital, and was no longer trapped in the fetishistic conception. But the work of Marx cannot eliminate the manifestation mode in which the social character of labor embodies the objective character of the products themselves. Only when the production of commodities withers away, will the materialized mode of manifestation disappear.